Identification and characterization - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2416 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/03/18 Category Analytics Essay Level High school Tags: Characterization Essay Did you like this example? Pancreatic cancer (PC) ranks as the fourth leading cause of cancer death in both men and women in the United States, leading to the loss of over 40,000 lives a year. PC is a highly heterogenous group of diseases, as malignancies can develop from both the endocrine and exocrine pancreas. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), an exocrine tumor, accounts for approximately 85% of PC cases. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Identification and characterization" essay for you Create order While it only occurs rarely 2% of all malignant tumors, it is devastating as the average survival after diagnosis is only one year. The low survival rates partly arise from the fact that PDACs do not manifest with specific symptoms and therefore are often diagnosed at a late stage. On average, patients are diagnosed at age 71, but the risk of developing PDAC rises with age. While a lot of research is being conducted, major clinical advances have not been achieved due to several unique obstacles. PDACs dynamically interact with their stroma, producing a dense fibrous tissue around the tumour that functions as a barrier to systemic drug delivery and penetration. Currently, the lack of specific serological biomarkers is hindering the development of screening programs to enable earlier diagnosis. Additionally, metastatic spread often occurs early, even before the primary tumour can be detected by current methods. Because of these complexities, there is an enormous need for new detection methods and treatment options. In the last decades, monoclonal antibody-based strategies have been widely utilized in the field of oncology. The affinity and antigen-specificity of antibodies make them attractive for therapeutic and diagnostic applications, and render them excellent tools to study cellular and molecular processes. Antibody binding may have different effects, as it can cause the neutralization, relocation or even degradation of its targets. These characteristics have earned them the name magic bullets of medicine. In the clinic, antibodies against PDL1 and CTL4 are currently widely used in the treatment of hematological cancers and show great succes. Several currently available antibody therapies have been tested in PDAC, but almost none were found to be effective (PMC4714146). New attempts to generate customized antibodies with specialized binding properties, half-lives and functions through structural modifications, have opened up new avenues for the exploitation and application of antibodies. Ma jor advances in clinical efficacy have been made through the modification of Fc regions, resulting in the optimization of anti-tumor immune responses in what tumor?. In the in vitro setting, the addition of localization signals onto antibody fragments allows for subcellular targeting. This strategy is limited for full-size antibodies which, due to their reliance on intrachain disulfide bonds and pairing of heavy and light chain variable regions, cannot be properly assembled in the reducing environment of the cytoplasm. Full size antibodies can be shrunk down to single-chain variable fragments (scFv) (image 1b), the variable regions of the heavy and light chain, connected by a glycine or glycine-serine linker. The discovery of heavy chain only antibodies in camelids opened up a new avenue for antibody-based strategies. The antibodies within this unique subset of IgG-type immunoglobulins, are composed of two identical heavy chains bearing a variable domain (VHH), but lack lightchains and CH1 domains. The variable domain consists of four framework regions, which connect its three hypervariable loops (CDR). They are derived from a single cluster of D and J segments that serve both conventional and heavy chain only antibodies. There is strong sequence homology to human V region, particularly to the Vh3 family (PMID: 19010777). The paratope of the variable domain is determined by its three CDRs, but interaction with the antigen occurs primarily via CDR3. The CDR3 loops are longer than in conventional antibodies, enabling them to reach sites which are inaccessible to conventional Vh-Vl pairs, such as clefts or depressions on the proteins surface (PMID: 22886243) . Consequently, the range of epit opes probed by heavy chain only antibodies may differ from conventional antibodies. Promising in the identification of targets for which no regular antibodies are available. Heavy chain only antibodies can be shrunk into variable region fragments, which are often referred to as nanobodies or VHH. Nanobodies come with an unique set of advantages and characteristics, including small size (15kD), higher tissue penetration rate compared to conventional antibodies, high thermostability, good solubility, low immunogenicity and ease of production. Furthermore, the singular nature of VHHs allows them to be used for intracellular expression. While conventional antibodies cannot be properly assembled in the reducing intracellular environment, VHHs are ideally suited for cytosolic expression because of their reduced reliance on disulfide bond formation. This trait has been productively exploited for in vivo cellular imaging and to confer new phenotypic traits (e.g. viral resistance). Lastly, the pharmacokinetic behaviour of VHHs, specifically their short half-life, is well suited for applications where fast clearance is required such as tumor imaging, or delivery o f toxins and radioisotopes. This can be modulated by formatting, pegylation or fusion to serum albumin. Installation of any payload onto a VHH requires site specific, chemical modification, which can be realized via enzymatic methods, such as sortase mediated transpeptidation. Sortase recognizes a specific aminoacid motif (LPXTG), which can be installed on the C-terminus of a VHH, and ligates it with an oligoglycine nucleophile of choice. This method combines the precision of a genetically encoded tag with the specificity of enzymatic reactions, and affords construction of proteins conjugated with non-genetically encoded functional groups or non-natural moieties. Through sortase mediated installation of radioisotopes, the in vivo distribution of the labeled VHH can be tracked with positron emission tomography (PET). This can be applied to follow immune responses over time in a non-invasive manner in live animals, or to image any target structure for which specific probes are available. The protein family of integrins has been implicated in many processes within the context of cancer, including proliferation, migration and invasion (PMId: 20029421), and have been discussed as putative biomarkers and targets for therapy. Integrins, consisting of a and b subunits, are unique amongst transmembrane receptors because of their capacity to signal bi-directionally, enabling them to sense, modulate and respond to extracellular stimuli. Several integrins have been found to be differentially expressed in PDAC, including a2b1 and avb6. The AvB6 integrin is only expressed on epithelia during embryogenesis, wound healing and neoplasia, but it does not occur on healthy, adult tissue. Additionally, its expression during cancer can act as prognostic factor and is associated with poor patient survival. The A2B1 integrin Nanobodies that recognize these surface receptors could potentially be used to image and treat pancreatic cancers, and would be important additions to the research to olbox. Previously, alpaca immunizations have been carried out with purified integrins and pancreas cancer organoids of human and mouse origin. From this immunization campaign, nanobodies against ? ±V6, ? ±41 and ? ±51 have been isolated via yeast display technology, which have yet to be biochemically characterized. Additionally, a new immunization with a2b1 has been completed, for which a phagemid VHH library has been constructed which was screened via phage display. Specificity of the identified VHHs has to be established. In this project, the individual nanobodies will be expressed with C-terminal sortase recognition motif to enable site-specific installation of fluorophores, metal chelators and other payloads. The final products will be used for flow cytometry, to establish antigen specificity and for biochemical characterization. A2b1 AVB6 A4b1 A5B1/li Regarding cancer cells, integrins serve roles in numerous aspects, including proliferation, survival, migration and invasion (1). The protein family of integrins, cell bound adhesion molecules, could serve as tumour specific targets. a2b1 has shown to be involved in the malignant phenotype of pancreatic cancer. a5b1 MM induction and/or upregulation of expression associated with progression in patient Bx 1 OvCa expression significantly correlates with higher clinical stage 48 avb6 Itegrin avb6, a member of the integrin protein family, is overexpressed in numerous types of carcinomas, such as colon, lung, cervical, ovarian, and pancreatic cancers, but is expressed at low or undetectable levels in healthy organs (3). Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas exhibit the highest integrin avb6 expression among gastroenteropancreatic adenocarcinomas (4). Moreover, the high expression of integrin avb6 in carcinomas is a prognostic factor of the disease and is correlated with poor patient survival (5,6). Thus, molecular imaging agents that target integrin avb6 would be highly useful in the receptor-targeted detection of pancreatic cancer and in the noninvasive monitoring of tumor prognosis 5. Bates RC, Bellovin DI, Brown C, et al. Transcriptional activation of integrin beta6 during the epithelial-mesenchymal transition defines a novel prognostic indicator of aggressive colon carcinoma. J Clin Invest. 2005;115:339â€Å"347. 6. Hazelbag S, Kenter GG, Gorter A, et al. Overexpression of the avb6 integrin in cervical squamous cell carcinoma is a prognostic factor for decreased survival. J Pathol. 2007;212:316â€Å"324. Overexpressed: 66. Nieberler, M. et al. Exploring the Role of RGD-Recognizing Integrins in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 9 (2017). 95. Sipos, B. et al. Immunohistochemical screening for beta6-integrin subunit expression in adenocarcinomas using a novel monoclonal antibody reveals strong up-regulation in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas in vivo and in vitro. Histopathology 45, 226- 236 (2004). a4b1 MM expression low to absent in early disease, emergent and upregulated during disease progression in patient Bx 1, 25, 46, 47 Through this bidirectional linkage, integrins provide spatially restricted communication lines between the cell and their microenvironment, act as key mechanosensing and force-transducing units and coordinate actin cytoskeletal polymerisation to regulate important biological functions including proliferation, gene expression, cell survival and cell motility (Legate et al, 2009). In the setting of cancer, these same integrin-mediated processes are exploited by tumour cells to promote invasiveness and oncogenic survival and to engineer a host microenvironment that is conducive to tumour growth and metastatic spread. ANTIBODY blockade references 20. Callahan MK, Wolchok JD. At the bedside: CTLA-4- and PD-1-blocking antibodies in cancer immunotherapy. J Leukoc Biol. 2013;94(1):41â€Å"53. [PMC free article] [PubMed] 21. Hamid O, et al. Safety and Tumor Responses with Lambrolizumab (Anti-PD-1) in Melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2013 [PMC free article] [PubMed] 22. Topalian SL, et al. Safety, activity, and immune correlates of anti-PD-1 antibody in cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(26):2443â€Å"54. [PMC free article] [PubMed] 23. Brahmer JR, et al. Phase I study of single-agent anti-programmed death-1 (MDX-1106) in refractory solid tumors: safety, clinical activity, pharmacodynamics, and immunologic correlates. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(19):3167â€Å"75. [PMC free article] [PubMed] 24. Ohaegbulam KC, et al. Human cancer immunotherapy with antibodies to the PD-1 and PD-L1 pathway. Trends Mol Med. 2015;21(1):24â€Å"33. [PMC free article] [PubMed] Key characteristics of VHHs include their high affinity and specificity (equivalent to conventional antibodies), high thermostability, good solubility and strictly monomeric behavior, small size (2.5†°nm in diameter and about 4†°nm in length; ~15†°kDa), relatively low production cost, ease of genetic engineering, format flexibility or modularity, low immunogenicity, and a higher penetration rate into tissues (3, 41â€Å"44). The short half-life of VHHs in blood circulation is well suited to certain applications such as tumor imaging or delivery of toxin or radioisotopes to diseased tissues where rapid clearance is required. However, the pharmacokinetic behavior of VHHs can also be improved by extending their half-lives using different formatting options, including PEGylation or fusion to serum albumin or an anti-serum albumin moiety (43, 45, 46). As intrabodies, VHHs are also ideally suited for cytosolic expression due to their ability to fold in the reducing intracellular environment. This feature likely reflects the single disulfide linkage present in the VHH domain, as compared to the multi-domain structure and multiple disulfide linkages of conventional antibodies, and may not be completely general to all VHHs but appears to be quite common; intracellular expression of VHHs has been widely and productively exploited for in vivo cellular imaging (5, 57) as well as to inhibit the function of viral proteins (58, 59) a sngle cluster of D and J segments that serves the heavy chain only antibody variable regions as well as the variable regions of convntional IgGs. Later genomic studies shed light on the origin of HCAbs in dromedary camels and alpacas. It is now established that HCAbs are produced from the same igh locus as conventional antibodies but with distinct sets of genes for the generation of HCAbs. (18641337) the paratope of the VHH is generated by its three CDRs, to achivie the requisite buried surface area when contacting antigen, the cdr3 loops are longer than in conventional antibodies. VHHs typically bind in clefts or depressions on the protein surface, or at domain-domain and subunit-subunit interfaces. While interaction with the antigen occurs primarily via CDR3, eamples of extensive involvement of CDR2 or the framework have been identified as well. Consequently the range of epitopes sampled by VHHs may overlap but are not identical. A striking example is a VHH directed against HIV gp120, believed to bind to and protrude into its CD4- binding pocket, which may explain the broad neutralizing potential oft this particular llama derived VHH. with particular emphasis a2b1 als marker CA-19-9 Integrins background Monoclonal antibody-based treatment of cancer has been established as one of the most successful therapeutic strategies for both hematologic malignancies and solid tumors in the last 20 years. The initial combining of serological techniques for cancer cell surface antigen discovery with hybridoma technology led to a series of landmark clinical trials that paved the way for new generation antibodies and subsequent clinical success. The modulation of immune system interplay with tumor cells through targeting of T cell receptors has emerged as a powerful new therapeutic strategy for tumor therapy and to enhance cancer vaccine efficacy. Clinical trials demonstrated that PD-1 blockade is an attractive way to reinstate hosts immune function in lymphoid neoplasms, particularly classical Hodgkin lymphoma. PD-1 blockade as a single therapy or in combination with other immune checkpoint inhibitors are explored in other hematologic cancers. aims of this project Material methods VHH sequences from phage panning library readily available from ploegh lab collaborators Sequence analysis Results A. Phage based panning Figure 1. A. Sequence analysis. Flow diagram, (B) sequence alignment 5 sequences (A) (B) Figure 2. (A) Alexa coupling strategy, (B.) LCMS Figure 3. (A) Flowcytometry results (B) KD determination B Previously identified integrin specific VHH Figure 1. Sequences Figure 2. FACS data Figure 3. Competition assays? B. PVDF membrane based panning Figure 3. Flow diagram amounts Figure 4. immunoprecipitation Figure 5. Mass spec results Figure 6. Targets identified? Discussion Recap Broad context Critical perspective on own work perhaps too many rounds of phage panning? Future direction Coupling of radioactive particles to as therapeutic coupling of dyeing agent to it to enhance tumour visibility surger Near infrared photoimmunotherapie moiety Resistance to therapy is a characteristic feature of PDAC, and the extent of resistance is greater than in many other human tumors. This could be due to inefficient drug delivery, intrinsic and acquired resistance of the tumor, tumor hypoxia, or the insensitivity of cancer stem-like cells to currently used agents.

Criminal Justice and Security Goals and Challenges

The goals and objectives of the federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies differ in what they can each handle. As a whole, they have the objective to protect and serve the public, but separately, each branch, federal, state, and local handles their own sections of the government services. For example, the federal law enforcement agencies have goals and objectives that involves the protecting of our border, making sure that we are enforcing customs regulations, as well as upholding immigration laws. The state law enforcement goals and objectives are lie with highway patrol, investigations, and emergencies that extend beyond the control and power of local law enforcement agencies (2008, Matrix Group). Whereas, the local law†¦show more content†¦There are 94 different federal trial courts call District Courts. The role of these district courts are to hear civil and criminal cases. Those district courts are broken down into 12 different regional circuits, each of the 12 regional circuits have their own court of appeals. These court of appeals deals with appeals within their circuit. Those appeals are then heard and their fate is then decided based on the record that was given before the District Court. All the cases that involve juvenile issues, child custody and Dupree cases, inheritance/probate cases, real estate, as well as most cases that involve criminal prosecution, personal injury cases, disputes and contracts, as well as public health cases. Each state handle local laws, has its own police, and court system. Each court system has its own Supreme Court which is known as the court of last resort. Local crimes in cases go before their local courts and from there its it is decided whether or not the case goes before the state, supreme, or federal court. The objective of probation, parole, and correctional organizations in regards to public safety and civil rights is to free up space in the jails and prisons. Its all about alternatives to impri sonment. By giving deserving inmates the chance of going up for probation and parole, it circulates the space in prisons and jails, so that more violent offenders are able to be incarcerated. Since 1970, there has been anShow MoreRelatedThe Development Of The American Justice System Essay1291 Words   |  6 PagesThe development of the American justice system is a captivating subject that can prompt to years of recorded study and investigation. A decent criminal justice graduate program will give you enough information to leave you wanting more as I gained from my time in school. The first settlers to America brought the criminal justice system of English custom-based law to our shores. The framework depended on the idea of Mens Reas (guilty mind) and the impact of the Catholic Church. 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Writing Free Essays

How Essay writing is being processed step by step: In every essay, the following are required: 1) What to write:- the content of the essay 2) How to write: – the organization, diction (key words), general structure of the essay. 3) Understanding the topic/issue of the subject matter. 4) Plan and structure your essay. We will write a custom essay sample on Writing or any similar topic only for you Order Now 5) Creativity on your writing (speak through your writing). Now, every essay is expected to comprise of at least 5 paragraphs. This entails: I. Introduction/ topic sentence. II. The thesis statement of the essay. III. Body of the essay. IV. Extension of the body and examples. V. Conclusion In writing an essay, assume the reader does not know anything about your essay so you have to write in detail not-withstanding the knowledge of your marker or reader. Make sure your essay is structured very logically and rich in the appropriate diction, the use of indirect speech should be avoided HOW TO WRITE AN ESSAY IN 25MINS MINUTE 1:- Analyze- look at the essay question or prompt. 1) What is it asking you to do? ) Is it prompting u to explain the reason of an option of yours? 3) Is it prompting you to take a stand on a particular issue? 4) If you are being asked to argue for or against something, you may have an immediate got reaction to what you are being asked. 5) Pay attention to how you feel. If your immediate reaction is â€Å"of course! † or â€Å"never! † Ask yourself how you feel that way. See whether you can spot any keyword or short phrase in t he prompt that triggers your reaction. E. g. consider the following essay prompt â€Å"If we rest, we rust†. This statement is certainly true; inactivity and lack of exertion over time can cause our skills to deteriorate through disuse. In-fact, people who have seized practicing and activity for a long period and who attempts to take it up again frequently are thwarted in doing so because of the decline of their skills. Do you think that rest has a detrimental effect on us and that we must keep active to avoid losing our edge? Plan and write an essay in which you explain your position on this issue. You may use examples from history, literature, popular culture, current events or personal experience to support your position MINUTE 2:- Brainstorm:- 1) Write down the key words you spotted in the storm. 2) Circle them. 3) Now, write down all the words and phrases that you associate with these key words. 4) What words come to your mind when you think of the word rest (sleep, relaxing, idleness, laziness) even if you never thought that there might be a connection between resting and rusting, you have some mental association with these ideas. By brainstorming or clustering, you get in touch with these associations, call up the wealth of ideas you already have and forget any worries that you may have had having nothing to say. When you brainstorm, the mind leads you in numerable directions. Simply trust yourself, let your brainstorming process tap the knowledge and feelings that lies within you. MINUTE 3:- Take a stand:- 1) After you have been brainstorming for a while 2) Analyze How to cite Writing, Papers Writing Free Essays Although I understand that this is by the end of the day for the stud NT benefit so the professor may give off more assistance, it much rather left a bad taste in my mouth. The start of this class however gave me some way to ease into it, as the professor himself admitted students for the most part do not enjoy the course, but rather go through with it simple y because it is required. The overall interview of each student and note taking of said inform action helped me understand much more all around than what a diagnostic may be able to give When learning about Me You in the class he brought up the different Chinese languages such as Mandarin which led to me think more so that there is so much more t o learn about topics such as culture and there is more to get into. We will write a custom essay sample on Writing or any similar topic only for you Order Now The idea of there being different languages for a country was more than that as it showed to me more so that there is a lot MO re that one may be able to learn in their quest for knowledge rather than learning just what is en deed in the moment. In order to learn more about this I had seen that not only are there many dif rent official Rodriguez 2 languages, but there is a number of indigenous languages and even some Mi rarity languages such as Khaki. Even more interesting was when the professor brought up that Me You simple y said Chinese at first to explain what languages he could speak despite the number of languages there really are. As pointed out by Mr.. Straus, if Me was in a room full of Chinese SST dents most likely he would have been much more specific. This brings out to me a larger societal impact that a majority can have on a minority and shows that as students we must strive f rather to get a truer understanding of the world around us. With that we as a society may be able to break barriers on a multitude of levels including socially and be able to interact with others on a better level. As an English student it is important that I too must not limit my own work because of the audience as it is sometimes that extra information that may give more intrigue to the read There was of a large flow of information that was brought up with less time the an required to take notes on every word stated. So with that I learned had to really adapt with the course and figure out new ways to take notes. In an attempt to gain as much informs Zion as possible I wrote down key terms and important information on each person with the fir SST of course being the name. This was not truly enough to get everything and I understand I defied ninety need to improve in the way I take notes. As it is I’ve limited myself for not including en ugh information on each person and in the case of taking notes for English Composition it can mean the difference between a passing grade and a failing one. Overall this interesting way to start off the class helped me to further realize, t rough a deeper level of looking at it, that I must read in between the lines. There is so much more meaning that can be found in what may even be the most broad of statement s. I must find a better Rodriguez 3 way of taking notes or else the entire essay may suffer. Yet the way that this if rest day of class has gone I feel less pushed into the subject, but rather eased into the idea. Thro ugh this essay can see some of the issues in my own writing and I understand that I have fellow students who may communicate with to better myself. How to cite Writing, Papers Writing Free Essays The main purpose of narration is to entertain. Children love to listen to stories, true or Imaginary ones. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Writing or any similar topic only for you Order Now Narration is also a vehicle for sharing, though vicariously, what the narrator may have experienced, or what other people may have experienced as witnessed by or told to the narrator or storyteller. 3. Narration satisfies curiosity. It answers the questions: What happened? When and where did it happen? Why did these things happen? How did it happen and to whom? Who were involved in these events? 4. It is also used to record a sequence of events for recall at some future time. What are the characteristics of the Narrative? 1 . A good narrative is tightly written. Only the relevant events are Included; it Is never extraneous. 2. A good narrative should not only entertain; It should also give the reader the chance to experience vicariously, what the writer may have experienced. 3. A good narrative is not boring. Through a masterful handing of time and event, a well-planned † lay-out† of the entire narrative, and with the appropriate use of quenching, a writer can stir reader interest and urge him to go on reading with sustained or even heightened interest to the end. For example, when you write a narrative, you can begin with the most significant event, Jump back in time for some backgrounders (using flashbacks), the you can move forward by hinting at what may happen next (using foreshadowing technique then step right back where you started, thereby leaving the reader in suspenseful anticipation of what the ending would be. You can even make your reader guess (in anxiety? ) what the conclusion will be. Dolan retired as Dentist of Guenon City Hall, she put her retirement pay on a videotape rental business. She had a portion of her front garden turned Into a small store. Inside, she placed two TV sets for customer previewing, some shelves for tapes, and a table at the center where a cash register was installed. Except for a meter-high iron railing, fencing off the store from the sidewalk, and two viewing chairs strategically placed against the railing, no other furniture cluttered the small space. Business was brisk and DRP. Divine left on day to visit her kinks in Gambles, pierced the silence of a sleeping neighborhood, the screeching of a speeding vehicle blending with it. † What happened? † I asked my maid who barged into the house a few minutes later. She blurted out her news, non-stop. â€Å"The shop in front of the house,† she said, â€Å"it’s now empty. Everything gone except the chairs, the table and the shelves. Two men in Barron toga went in to rent some tapes and as Nana (the salesgirl) turned to show the tape, one of them poked a gun at her; the other transferred everything into their car. How to cite Writing, Papers Writing Free Essays A mistake often made is the lack of knowledge for the reason of writing. The writer’s purpose is to always appeal to an audience, whether you are informing, persuading, or writing to amuse. Your goal is to have some type of influence on the reader. We will write a custom essay sample on Writing or any similar topic only for you Order Now The effectiveness of your influence starts by first gaining full awareness of exactly who your audience may be. In this chapter, the author mentions deferent examples of writing. For example, if a person were to write something for children, It should be very simple and not composed of much density. A child’s level of understanding Is not as mature as an adults, therefore writing using complicated terms would only confuse them. Keeping this In mind, children’s writing should be on an understanding level. This Is so the children will be able to comprehend the short and simple words. As opposed to writing to a group of educated specialists, this would be considered Inappropriate. Writing should be formal, with the use of full complex sentences, professional and more complex. After becoming familiar with the audience, the writer should then be sure to not only be grammatically correct, but also correct rhetorically. An example of two different paragraphs were given, one rich and strong in rhetoric, and the other lacking and empty. Both were about English courses they had taken, but what separated the two was thorough detailing. In the first paragraph, the writer told about their favorite course taken during high school. Although the grammar was correct in the first paragraph, compared to the second paragraph it lacked supporting details. While the second paragraph, opened up more, giving the reader an explanation. When writing, direct details are a key factor. The reader should have a clear understanding on why and how a situation is affected. While practicing the art of rhetoric, the author must also be aware of what is appropriate and inappropriate. Depending on the audience, it can then be decided whether formal, informal, or technical writing is appropriate when writing. Formal writing, which is to be used most of the time in college writing, has consistent and standard grammar. This can be seen in research papers, scholarly papers, written exams, and serious letters. The purpose of formal writing is never to express he writers opinion or point of view, but to propose a case or argument. For this reason, the â€Å"l† point of view or first person should be avoided along with contractions. If examples are needed, they should be made in third person or in general. Seed in things such as Journalistic writing, personal letters, diaries, and light essays, Informal writing Is your personal point of view. With Informal writing being composed of everyday speech, things such as contractions are acceptable. Technical writing on the other hand is also formal English. Unlike formal writing, It Is used by engineers, chicanes, and scientists with specialized vocabulary according to the field. According to chapter 2, technical writing suffers from over wordi ng, the wrong use of past tense, and over using abstract nouns. With the knowledge of these three forms, It makes It easier for the writer to understand how a letter to their mother should be written or why a love letter Is not written as If It were too Judge. The chapter references learning to ride a bike In a comparison to learning to write well. When getting training wheels taken off for the first time, a person cannot learn to ride instructions can be helpful and memorized, perfection can only be obtained by physical action of actually attempting to ride the bike without the training wheels. With time, improvement will be noticed. This is the same with learning to write. Practicing the skill of rhetoric will only produce well written literature. Keeping in mind writing is about remembering who the audience is, the purpose of writing and choosing the appropriate writing level. The process of mastering writing as a whole is a process. With the knowledge and study of rhetoric, this can be accomplished. How to cite Writing, Papers

“You Can’t Use a Lyric, Nalah!” free essay sample

â€Å"You can’t use a lyric, Nalah!† That’s what I keep telling myself as I sit here brainstorming for this paper. Square one: the very first sentence. How can I grab your attention in one line? Nothing but song lyrics are coming to my mind, but I don’t want to use them because they are not my words. This is supposed to be a personal essay where I get to write all about me. With so many different aspects of myself, where do I possibly begin? I write something down and then I scribble it away thinking, â€Å"AHHHH! No, that’s not right!† I’m constantly twisting my curls and staring off into the distance; thinking and thinking about what to write. â€Å"Okay, that’s enough,† I say to myself. â€Å"Let’s ask Google now. Maybe Google knows.† I type in ‘college essay examples’ and see a common theme. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"You Can’t Use a Lyric, Nalah!† or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Most people seem to have one story that changed their lives forever. Then I ask myself, â€Å"Do I have one?† So I start listing: I am a child of teenage parents who were unable to stay together. The nonstop jokes about my crooked smile were only funny to those around me. Going through puberty at such a young age made me so self-conscious that I didn’t even want to look at myself in the mirror. In the heat of our biggest argument, my mother tells me I wouldn’t care if she died. My best friend almost lost her life in a car accident. I had a relationship with a man that broke my daddy’s heart. But then I stop listing, because that is not where I want to go with this. I’m reading these essay examples and wishing mine would come out like theirs. Wishing I had one story to tell you that showed you who I am. I keep telling myself, â€Å"I’ll figure something out,† but nothing seems to fall in line. All I can think of are the first lyrics that floated into my head when I was trying to write my opening sentence: Sitting in the studio thinking about which mood would go right now, freestyle or write down whatever And still I come up clever, I just need to free my thoughts So that’s what I began doing after all the agony of trying to sum myself up into one snapshot of my life. I began to free my thoughts. Thoughts of confusion and frustration. Thoughts that evoked emotions I haven’t allowed myself to feel in a long time; emotions that made me want to breakdown and cry. Lastly, thoughts of fear because if I didn’t or don’t tell my story through a vignette of my lifetime, I would be writing this essay â€Å"wrong†. â€Å"Si Dios quiere,† my grandma always says. It means if God willing and is a motto that has been etched into my mind. Whatever obstacles He puts in my path holds its own purpose. Everything happens to help me progress. Every day is a chance to be better than yesterday and learn something new. Whether it be from a mistake or in the classroom at the college of my dreams. Here, I’ll learn how to build my own corporation from business professors. This in turn will not only allow me to fulfil my philanthropic goals, but to give back to my parents. I have put them through havoc, but they have always remained there for me. They are my foundation and my motivation to succeed. There’s simply not one given time that I could share in great detail with you. I’m a photo album filled with snapshots of my life that make me who I am. As the next months bring an abundance of change and new experiences, I’m going to continue to live life audaciously. Knowing that whatever happens along the way, for better or for worse, is all part of God’s plan for me. And when I don’t know which way to turn or what to do, a prayer and some song lyrics will get me back on track.