Identification and characterization - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2416 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/03/18 Category Analytics Essay Level High school Tags: Characterization Essay Did you like this example? Pancreatic cancer (PC) ranks as the fourth leading cause of cancer death in both men and women in the United States, leading to the loss of over 40,000 lives a year. PC is a highly heterogenous group of diseases, as malignancies can develop from both the endocrine and exocrine pancreas. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), an exocrine tumor, accounts for approximately 85% of PC cases. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Identification and characterization" essay for you Create order While it only occurs rarely 2% of all malignant tumors, it is devastating as the average survival after diagnosis is only one year. The low survival rates partly arise from the fact that PDACs do not manifest with specific symptoms and therefore are often diagnosed at a late stage. On average, patients are diagnosed at age 71, but the risk of developing PDAC rises with age. While a lot of research is being conducted, major clinical advances have not been achieved due to several unique obstacles. PDACs dynamically interact with their stroma, producing a dense fibrous tissue around the tumour that functions as a barrier to systemic drug delivery and penetration. Currently, the lack of specific serological biomarkers is hindering the development of screening programs to enable earlier diagnosis. Additionally, metastatic spread often occurs early, even before the primary tumour can be detected by current methods. Because of these complexities, there is an enormous need for new detection methods and treatment options. In the last decades, monoclonal antibody-based strategies have been widely utilized in the field of oncology. The affinity and antigen-specificity of antibodies make them attractive for therapeutic and diagnostic applications, and render them excellent tools to study cellular and molecular processes. Antibody binding may have different effects, as it can cause the neutralization, relocation or even degradation of its targets. These characteristics have earned them the name magic bullets of medicine. In the clinic, antibodies against PDL1 and CTL4 are currently widely used in the treatment of hematological cancers and show great succes. Several currently available antibody therapies have been tested in PDAC, but almost none were found to be effective (PMC4714146). New attempts to generate customized antibodies with specialized binding properties, half-lives and functions through structural modifications, have opened up new avenues for the exploitation and application of antibodies. Ma jor advances in clinical efficacy have been made through the modification of Fc regions, resulting in the optimization of anti-tumor immune responses in what tumor?. In the in vitro setting, the addition of localization signals onto antibody fragments allows for subcellular targeting. This strategy is limited for full-size antibodies which, due to their reliance on intrachain disulfide bonds and pairing of heavy and light chain variable regions, cannot be properly assembled in the reducing environment of the cytoplasm. Full size antibodies can be shrunk down to single-chain variable fragments (scFv) (image 1b), the variable regions of the heavy and light chain, connected by a glycine or glycine-serine linker. The discovery of heavy chain only antibodies in camelids opened up a new avenue for antibody-based strategies. The antibodies within this unique subset of IgG-type immunoglobulins, are composed of two identical heavy chains bearing a variable domain (VHH), but lack lightchains and CH1 domains. The variable domain consists of four framework regions, which connect its three hypervariable loops (CDR). They are derived from a single cluster of D and J segments that serve both conventional and heavy chain only antibodies. There is strong sequence homology to human V region, particularly to the Vh3 family (PMID: 19010777). The paratope of the variable domain is determined by its three CDRs, but interaction with the antigen occurs primarily via CDR3. The CDR3 loops are longer than in conventional antibodies, enabling them to reach sites which are inaccessible to conventional Vh-Vl pairs, such as clefts or depressions on the proteins surface (PMID: 22886243) . Consequently, the range of epit opes probed by heavy chain only antibodies may differ from conventional antibodies. Promising in the identification of targets for which no regular antibodies are available. Heavy chain only antibodies can be shrunk into variable region fragments, which are often referred to as nanobodies or VHH. Nanobodies come with an unique set of advantages and characteristics, including small size (15kD), higher tissue penetration rate compared to conventional antibodies, high thermostability, good solubility, low immunogenicity and ease of production. Furthermore, the singular nature of VHHs allows them to be used for intracellular expression. While conventional antibodies cannot be properly assembled in the reducing intracellular environment, VHHs are ideally suited for cytosolic expression because of their reduced reliance on disulfide bond formation. This trait has been productively exploited for in vivo cellular imaging and to confer new phenotypic traits (e.g. viral resistance). Lastly, the pharmacokinetic behaviour of VHHs, specifically their short half-life, is well suited for applications where fast clearance is required such as tumor imaging, or delivery o f toxins and radioisotopes. This can be modulated by formatting, pegylation or fusion to serum albumin. Installation of any payload onto a VHH requires site specific, chemical modification, which can be realized via enzymatic methods, such as sortase mediated transpeptidation. Sortase recognizes a specific aminoacid motif (LPXTG), which can be installed on the C-terminus of a VHH, and ligates it with an oligoglycine nucleophile of choice. This method combines the precision of a genetically encoded tag with the specificity of enzymatic reactions, and affords construction of proteins conjugated with non-genetically encoded functional groups or non-natural moieties. Through sortase mediated installation of radioisotopes, the in vivo distribution of the labeled VHH can be tracked with positron emission tomography (PET). This can be applied to follow immune responses over time in a non-invasive manner in live animals, or to image any target structure for which specific probes are available. The protein family of integrins has been implicated in many processes within the context of cancer, including proliferation, migration and invasion (PMId: 20029421), and have been discussed as putative biomarkers and targets for therapy. Integrins, consisting of a and b subunits, are unique amongst transmembrane receptors because of their capacity to signal bi-directionally, enabling them to sense, modulate and respond to extracellular stimuli. Several integrins have been found to be differentially expressed in PDAC, including a2b1 and avb6. The AvB6 integrin is only expressed on epithelia during embryogenesis, wound healing and neoplasia, but it does not occur on healthy, adult tissue. Additionally, its expression during cancer can act as prognostic factor and is associated with poor patient survival. The A2B1 integrin Nanobodies that recognize these surface receptors could potentially be used to image and treat pancreatic cancers, and would be important additions to the research to olbox. Previously, alpaca immunizations have been carried out with purified integrins and pancreas cancer organoids of human and mouse origin. From this immunization campaign, nanobodies against ? ±V6, ? ±41 and ? ±51 have been isolated via yeast display technology, which have yet to be biochemically characterized. Additionally, a new immunization with a2b1 has been completed, for which a phagemid VHH library has been constructed which was screened via phage display. Specificity of the identified VHHs has to be established. In this project, the individual nanobodies will be expressed with C-terminal sortase recognition motif to enable site-specific installation of fluorophores, metal chelators and other payloads. The final products will be used for flow cytometry, to establish antigen specificity and for biochemical characterization. A2b1 AVB6 A4b1 A5B1/li Regarding cancer cells, integrins serve roles in numerous aspects, including proliferation, survival, migration and invasion (1). The protein family of integrins, cell bound adhesion molecules, could serve as tumour specific targets. a2b1 has shown to be involved in the malignant phenotype of pancreatic cancer. a5b1 MM induction and/or upregulation of expression associated with progression in patient Bx 1 OvCa expression significantly correlates with higher clinical stage 48 avb6 Itegrin avb6, a member of the integrin protein family, is overexpressed in numerous types of carcinomas, such as colon, lung, cervical, ovarian, and pancreatic cancers, but is expressed at low or undetectable levels in healthy organs (3). Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas exhibit the highest integrin avb6 expression among gastroenteropancreatic adenocarcinomas (4). Moreover, the high expression of integrin avb6 in carcinomas is a prognostic factor of the disease and is correlated with poor patient survival (5,6). Thus, molecular imaging agents that target integrin avb6 would be highly useful in the receptor-targeted detection of pancreatic cancer and in the noninvasive monitoring of tumor prognosis 5. Bates RC, Bellovin DI, Brown C, et al. Transcriptional activation of integrin beta6 during the epithelial-mesenchymal transition defines a novel prognostic indicator of aggressive colon carcinoma. J Clin Invest. 2005;115:339â€Å"347. 6. Hazelbag S, Kenter GG, Gorter A, et al. Overexpression of the avb6 integrin in cervical squamous cell carcinoma is a prognostic factor for decreased survival. J Pathol. 2007;212:316â€Å"324. Overexpressed: 66. Nieberler, M. et al. Exploring the Role of RGD-Recognizing Integrins in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 9 (2017). 95. Sipos, B. et al. Immunohistochemical screening for beta6-integrin subunit expression in adenocarcinomas using a novel monoclonal antibody reveals strong up-regulation in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas in vivo and in vitro. Histopathology 45, 226- 236 (2004). a4b1 MM expression low to absent in early disease, emergent and upregulated during disease progression in patient Bx 1, 25, 46, 47 Through this bidirectional linkage, integrins provide spatially restricted communication lines between the cell and their microenvironment, act as key mechanosensing and force-transducing units and coordinate actin cytoskeletal polymerisation to regulate important biological functions including proliferation, gene expression, cell survival and cell motility (Legate et al, 2009). In the setting of cancer, these same integrin-mediated processes are exploited by tumour cells to promote invasiveness and oncogenic survival and to engineer a host microenvironment that is conducive to tumour growth and metastatic spread. ANTIBODY blockade references 20. Callahan MK, Wolchok JD. At the bedside: CTLA-4- and PD-1-blocking antibodies in cancer immunotherapy. J Leukoc Biol. 2013;94(1):41â€Å"53. [PMC free article] [PubMed] 21. Hamid O, et al. Safety and Tumor Responses with Lambrolizumab (Anti-PD-1) in Melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2013 [PMC free article] [PubMed] 22. Topalian SL, et al. Safety, activity, and immune correlates of anti-PD-1 antibody in cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(26):2443â€Å"54. [PMC free article] [PubMed] 23. Brahmer JR, et al. Phase I study of single-agent anti-programmed death-1 (MDX-1106) in refractory solid tumors: safety, clinical activity, pharmacodynamics, and immunologic correlates. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(19):3167â€Å"75. [PMC free article] [PubMed] 24. Ohaegbulam KC, et al. Human cancer immunotherapy with antibodies to the PD-1 and PD-L1 pathway. Trends Mol Med. 2015;21(1):24â€Å"33. [PMC free article] [PubMed] Key characteristics of VHHs include their high affinity and specificity (equivalent to conventional antibodies), high thermostability, good solubility and strictly monomeric behavior, small size (2.5†°nm in diameter and about 4†°nm in length; ~15†°kDa), relatively low production cost, ease of genetic engineering, format flexibility or modularity, low immunogenicity, and a higher penetration rate into tissues (3, 41â€Å"44). The short half-life of VHHs in blood circulation is well suited to certain applications such as tumor imaging or delivery of toxin or radioisotopes to diseased tissues where rapid clearance is required. However, the pharmacokinetic behavior of VHHs can also be improved by extending their half-lives using different formatting options, including PEGylation or fusion to serum albumin or an anti-serum albumin moiety (43, 45, 46). As intrabodies, VHHs are also ideally suited for cytosolic expression due to their ability to fold in the reducing intracellular environment. This feature likely reflects the single disulfide linkage present in the VHH domain, as compared to the multi-domain structure and multiple disulfide linkages of conventional antibodies, and may not be completely general to all VHHs but appears to be quite common; intracellular expression of VHHs has been widely and productively exploited for in vivo cellular imaging (5, 57) as well as to inhibit the function of viral proteins (58, 59) a sngle cluster of D and J segments that serves the heavy chain only antibody variable regions as well as the variable regions of convntional IgGs. Later genomic studies shed light on the origin of HCAbs in dromedary camels and alpacas. It is now established that HCAbs are produced from the same igh locus as conventional antibodies but with distinct sets of genes for the generation of HCAbs. (18641337) the paratope of the VHH is generated by its three CDRs, to achivie the requisite buried surface area when contacting antigen, the cdr3 loops are longer than in conventional antibodies. VHHs typically bind in clefts or depressions on the protein surface, or at domain-domain and subunit-subunit interfaces. While interaction with the antigen occurs primarily via CDR3, eamples of extensive involvement of CDR2 or the framework have been identified as well. Consequently the range of epitopes sampled by VHHs may overlap but are not identical. A striking example is a VHH directed against HIV gp120, believed to bind to and protrude into its CD4- binding pocket, which may explain the broad neutralizing potential oft this particular llama derived VHH. with particular emphasis a2b1 als marker CA-19-9 Integrins background Monoclonal antibody-based treatment of cancer has been established as one of the most successful therapeutic strategies for both hematologic malignancies and solid tumors in the last 20 years. The initial combining of serological techniques for cancer cell surface antigen discovery with hybridoma technology led to a series of landmark clinical trials that paved the way for new generation antibodies and subsequent clinical success. The modulation of immune system interplay with tumor cells through targeting of T cell receptors has emerged as a powerful new therapeutic strategy for tumor therapy and to enhance cancer vaccine efficacy. Clinical trials demonstrated that PD-1 blockade is an attractive way to reinstate hosts immune function in lymphoid neoplasms, particularly classical Hodgkin lymphoma. PD-1 blockade as a single therapy or in combination with other immune checkpoint inhibitors are explored in other hematologic cancers. aims of this project Material methods VHH sequences from phage panning library readily available from ploegh lab collaborators Sequence analysis Results A. Phage based panning Figure 1. A. Sequence analysis. Flow diagram, (B) sequence alignment 5 sequences (A) (B) Figure 2. (A) Alexa coupling strategy, (B.) LCMS Figure 3. (A) Flowcytometry results (B) KD determination B Previously identified integrin specific VHH Figure 1. Sequences Figure 2. FACS data Figure 3. Competition assays? B. PVDF membrane based panning Figure 3. Flow diagram amounts Figure 4. immunoprecipitation Figure 5. Mass spec results Figure 6. Targets identified? Discussion Recap Broad context Critical perspective on own work perhaps too many rounds of phage panning? Future direction Coupling of radioactive particles to as therapeutic coupling of dyeing agent to it to enhance tumour visibility surger Near infrared photoimmunotherapie moiety Resistance to therapy is a characteristic feature of PDAC, and the extent of resistance is greater than in many other human tumors. This could be due to inefficient drug delivery, intrinsic and acquired resistance of the tumor, tumor hypoxia, or the insensitivity of cancer stem-like cells to currently used agents.

Criminal Justice and Security Goals and Challenges

The goals and objectives of the federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies differ in what they can each handle. As a whole, they have the objective to protect and serve the public, but separately, each branch, federal, state, and local handles their own sections of the government services. For example, the federal law enforcement agencies have goals and objectives that involves the protecting of our border, making sure that we are enforcing customs regulations, as well as upholding immigration laws. The state law enforcement goals and objectives are lie with highway patrol, investigations, and emergencies that extend beyond the control and power of local law enforcement agencies (2008, Matrix Group). Whereas, the local law†¦show more content†¦There are 94 different federal trial courts call District Courts. The role of these district courts are to hear civil and criminal cases. Those district courts are broken down into 12 different regional circuits, each of the 12 regional circuits have their own court of appeals. These court of appeals deals with appeals within their circuit. Those appeals are then heard and their fate is then decided based on the record that was given before the District Court. All the cases that involve juvenile issues, child custody and Dupree cases, inheritance/probate cases, real estate, as well as most cases that involve criminal prosecution, personal injury cases, disputes and contracts, as well as public health cases. Each state handle local laws, has its own police, and court system. Each court system has its own Supreme Court which is known as the court of last resort. Local crimes in cases go before their local courts and from there its it is decided whether or not the case goes before the state, supreme, or federal court. The objective of probation, parole, and correctional organizations in regards to public safety and civil rights is to free up space in the jails and prisons. Its all about alternatives to impri sonment. By giving deserving inmates the chance of going up for probation and parole, it circulates the space in prisons and jails, so that more violent offenders are able to be incarcerated. Since 1970, there has been anShow MoreRelatedThe Development Of The American Justice System Essay1291 Words   |  6 PagesThe development of the American justice system is a captivating subject that can prompt to years of recorded study and investigation. A decent criminal justice graduate program will give you enough information to leave you wanting more as I gained from my time in school. The first settlers to America brought the criminal justice system of English custom-based law to our shores. The framework depended on the idea of Mens Reas (guilty mind) and the impact of the Catholic Church. 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Writing Free Essays

How Essay writing is being processed step by step: In every essay, the following are required: 1) What to write:- the content of the essay 2) How to write: – the organization, diction (key words), general structure of the essay. 3) Understanding the topic/issue of the subject matter. 4) Plan and structure your essay. We will write a custom essay sample on Writing or any similar topic only for you Order Now 5) Creativity on your writing (speak through your writing). Now, every essay is expected to comprise of at least 5 paragraphs. This entails: I. Introduction/ topic sentence. II. The thesis statement of the essay. III. Body of the essay. IV. Extension of the body and examples. V. Conclusion In writing an essay, assume the reader does not know anything about your essay so you have to write in detail not-withstanding the knowledge of your marker or reader. Make sure your essay is structured very logically and rich in the appropriate diction, the use of indirect speech should be avoided HOW TO WRITE AN ESSAY IN 25MINS MINUTE 1:- Analyze- look at the essay question or prompt. 1) What is it asking you to do? ) Is it prompting u to explain the reason of an option of yours? 3) Is it prompting you to take a stand on a particular issue? 4) If you are being asked to argue for or against something, you may have an immediate got reaction to what you are being asked. 5) Pay attention to how you feel. If your immediate reaction is â€Å"of course! † or â€Å"never! † Ask yourself how you feel that way. See whether you can spot any keyword or short phrase in t he prompt that triggers your reaction. E. g. consider the following essay prompt â€Å"If we rest, we rust†. This statement is certainly true; inactivity and lack of exertion over time can cause our skills to deteriorate through disuse. In-fact, people who have seized practicing and activity for a long period and who attempts to take it up again frequently are thwarted in doing so because of the decline of their skills. Do you think that rest has a detrimental effect on us and that we must keep active to avoid losing our edge? Plan and write an essay in which you explain your position on this issue. You may use examples from history, literature, popular culture, current events or personal experience to support your position MINUTE 2:- Brainstorm:- 1) Write down the key words you spotted in the storm. 2) Circle them. 3) Now, write down all the words and phrases that you associate with these key words. 4) What words come to your mind when you think of the word rest (sleep, relaxing, idleness, laziness) even if you never thought that there might be a connection between resting and rusting, you have some mental association with these ideas. By brainstorming or clustering, you get in touch with these associations, call up the wealth of ideas you already have and forget any worries that you may have had having nothing to say. When you brainstorm, the mind leads you in numerable directions. Simply trust yourself, let your brainstorming process tap the knowledge and feelings that lies within you. MINUTE 3:- Take a stand:- 1) After you have been brainstorming for a while 2) Analyze How to cite Writing, Papers Writing Free Essays Although I understand that this is by the end of the day for the stud NT benefit so the professor may give off more assistance, it much rather left a bad taste in my mouth. The start of this class however gave me some way to ease into it, as the professor himself admitted students for the most part do not enjoy the course, but rather go through with it simple y because it is required. The overall interview of each student and note taking of said inform action helped me understand much more all around than what a diagnostic may be able to give When learning about Me You in the class he brought up the different Chinese languages such as Mandarin which led to me think more so that there is so much more t o learn about topics such as culture and there is more to get into. We will write a custom essay sample on Writing or any similar topic only for you Order Now The idea of there being different languages for a country was more than that as it showed to me more so that there is a lot MO re that one may be able to learn in their quest for knowledge rather than learning just what is en deed in the moment. In order to learn more about this I had seen that not only are there many dif rent official Rodriguez 2 languages, but there is a number of indigenous languages and even some Mi rarity languages such as Khaki. Even more interesting was when the professor brought up that Me You simple y said Chinese at first to explain what languages he could speak despite the number of languages there really are. As pointed out by Mr.. Straus, if Me was in a room full of Chinese SST dents most likely he would have been much more specific. This brings out to me a larger societal impact that a majority can have on a minority and shows that as students we must strive f rather to get a truer understanding of the world around us. With that we as a society may be able to break barriers on a multitude of levels including socially and be able to interact with others on a better level. As an English student it is important that I too must not limit my own work because of the audience as it is sometimes that extra information that may give more intrigue to the read There was of a large flow of information that was brought up with less time the an required to take notes on every word stated. So with that I learned had to really adapt with the course and figure out new ways to take notes. In an attempt to gain as much informs Zion as possible I wrote down key terms and important information on each person with the fir SST of course being the name. This was not truly enough to get everything and I understand I defied ninety need to improve in the way I take notes. As it is I’ve limited myself for not including en ugh information on each person and in the case of taking notes for English Composition it can mean the difference between a passing grade and a failing one. Overall this interesting way to start off the class helped me to further realize, t rough a deeper level of looking at it, that I must read in between the lines. There is so much more meaning that can be found in what may even be the most broad of statement s. I must find a better Rodriguez 3 way of taking notes or else the entire essay may suffer. Yet the way that this if rest day of class has gone I feel less pushed into the subject, but rather eased into the idea. Thro ugh this essay can see some of the issues in my own writing and I understand that I have fellow students who may communicate with to better myself. How to cite Writing, Papers Writing Free Essays The main purpose of narration is to entertain. Children love to listen to stories, true or Imaginary ones. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Writing or any similar topic only for you Order Now Narration is also a vehicle for sharing, though vicariously, what the narrator may have experienced, or what other people may have experienced as witnessed by or told to the narrator or storyteller. 3. Narration satisfies curiosity. It answers the questions: What happened? When and where did it happen? Why did these things happen? How did it happen and to whom? Who were involved in these events? 4. It is also used to record a sequence of events for recall at some future time. What are the characteristics of the Narrative? 1 . A good narrative is tightly written. Only the relevant events are Included; it Is never extraneous. 2. A good narrative should not only entertain; It should also give the reader the chance to experience vicariously, what the writer may have experienced. 3. A good narrative is not boring. Through a masterful handing of time and event, a well-planned † lay-out† of the entire narrative, and with the appropriate use of quenching, a writer can stir reader interest and urge him to go on reading with sustained or even heightened interest to the end. For example, when you write a narrative, you can begin with the most significant event, Jump back in time for some backgrounders (using flashbacks), the you can move forward by hinting at what may happen next (using foreshadowing technique then step right back where you started, thereby leaving the reader in suspenseful anticipation of what the ending would be. You can even make your reader guess (in anxiety? ) what the conclusion will be. Dolan retired as Dentist of Guenon City Hall, she put her retirement pay on a videotape rental business. She had a portion of her front garden turned Into a small store. Inside, she placed two TV sets for customer previewing, some shelves for tapes, and a table at the center where a cash register was installed. Except for a meter-high iron railing, fencing off the store from the sidewalk, and two viewing chairs strategically placed against the railing, no other furniture cluttered the small space. Business was brisk and DRP. Divine left on day to visit her kinks in Gambles, pierced the silence of a sleeping neighborhood, the screeching of a speeding vehicle blending with it. † What happened? † I asked my maid who barged into the house a few minutes later. She blurted out her news, non-stop. â€Å"The shop in front of the house,† she said, â€Å"it’s now empty. Everything gone except the chairs, the table and the shelves. Two men in Barron toga went in to rent some tapes and as Nana (the salesgirl) turned to show the tape, one of them poked a gun at her; the other transferred everything into their car. How to cite Writing, Papers Writing Free Essays A mistake often made is the lack of knowledge for the reason of writing. The writer’s purpose is to always appeal to an audience, whether you are informing, persuading, or writing to amuse. Your goal is to have some type of influence on the reader. We will write a custom essay sample on Writing or any similar topic only for you Order Now The effectiveness of your influence starts by first gaining full awareness of exactly who your audience may be. In this chapter, the author mentions deferent examples of writing. For example, if a person were to write something for children, It should be very simple and not composed of much density. A child’s level of understanding Is not as mature as an adults, therefore writing using complicated terms would only confuse them. Keeping this In mind, children’s writing should be on an understanding level. This Is so the children will be able to comprehend the short and simple words. As opposed to writing to a group of educated specialists, this would be considered Inappropriate. Writing should be formal, with the use of full complex sentences, professional and more complex. After becoming familiar with the audience, the writer should then be sure to not only be grammatically correct, but also correct rhetorically. An example of two different paragraphs were given, one rich and strong in rhetoric, and the other lacking and empty. Both were about English courses they had taken, but what separated the two was thorough detailing. In the first paragraph, the writer told about their favorite course taken during high school. Although the grammar was correct in the first paragraph, compared to the second paragraph it lacked supporting details. While the second paragraph, opened up more, giving the reader an explanation. When writing, direct details are a key factor. The reader should have a clear understanding on why and how a situation is affected. While practicing the art of rhetoric, the author must also be aware of what is appropriate and inappropriate. Depending on the audience, it can then be decided whether formal, informal, or technical writing is appropriate when writing. Formal writing, which is to be used most of the time in college writing, has consistent and standard grammar. This can be seen in research papers, scholarly papers, written exams, and serious letters. The purpose of formal writing is never to express he writers opinion or point of view, but to propose a case or argument. For this reason, the â€Å"l† point of view or first person should be avoided along with contractions. If examples are needed, they should be made in third person or in general. Seed in things such as Journalistic writing, personal letters, diaries, and light essays, Informal writing Is your personal point of view. With Informal writing being composed of everyday speech, things such as contractions are acceptable. Technical writing on the other hand is also formal English. Unlike formal writing, It Is used by engineers, chicanes, and scientists with specialized vocabulary according to the field. According to chapter 2, technical writing suffers from over wordi ng, the wrong use of past tense, and over using abstract nouns. With the knowledge of these three forms, It makes It easier for the writer to understand how a letter to their mother should be written or why a love letter Is not written as If It were too Judge. The chapter references learning to ride a bike In a comparison to learning to write well. When getting training wheels taken off for the first time, a person cannot learn to ride instructions can be helpful and memorized, perfection can only be obtained by physical action of actually attempting to ride the bike without the training wheels. With time, improvement will be noticed. This is the same with learning to write. Practicing the skill of rhetoric will only produce well written literature. Keeping in mind writing is about remembering who the audience is, the purpose of writing and choosing the appropriate writing level. The process of mastering writing as a whole is a process. With the knowledge and study of rhetoric, this can be accomplished. How to cite Writing, Papers

“You Can’t Use a Lyric, Nalah!” free essay sample

â€Å"You can’t use a lyric, Nalah!† That’s what I keep telling myself as I sit here brainstorming for this paper. Square one: the very first sentence. How can I grab your attention in one line? Nothing but song lyrics are coming to my mind, but I don’t want to use them because they are not my words. This is supposed to be a personal essay where I get to write all about me. With so many different aspects of myself, where do I possibly begin? I write something down and then I scribble it away thinking, â€Å"AHHHH! No, that’s not right!† I’m constantly twisting my curls and staring off into the distance; thinking and thinking about what to write. â€Å"Okay, that’s enough,† I say to myself. â€Å"Let’s ask Google now. Maybe Google knows.† I type in ‘college essay examples’ and see a common theme. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"You Can’t Use a Lyric, Nalah!† or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Most people seem to have one story that changed their lives forever. Then I ask myself, â€Å"Do I have one?† So I start listing: I am a child of teenage parents who were unable to stay together. The nonstop jokes about my crooked smile were only funny to those around me. Going through puberty at such a young age made me so self-conscious that I didn’t even want to look at myself in the mirror. In the heat of our biggest argument, my mother tells me I wouldn’t care if she died. My best friend almost lost her life in a car accident. I had a relationship with a man that broke my daddy’s heart. But then I stop listing, because that is not where I want to go with this. I’m reading these essay examples and wishing mine would come out like theirs. Wishing I had one story to tell you that showed you who I am. I keep telling myself, â€Å"I’ll figure something out,† but nothing seems to fall in line. All I can think of are the first lyrics that floated into my head when I was trying to write my opening sentence: Sitting in the studio thinking about which mood would go right now, freestyle or write down whatever And still I come up clever, I just need to free my thoughts So that’s what I began doing after all the agony of trying to sum myself up into one snapshot of my life. I began to free my thoughts. Thoughts of confusion and frustration. Thoughts that evoked emotions I haven’t allowed myself to feel in a long time; emotions that made me want to breakdown and cry. Lastly, thoughts of fear because if I didn’t or don’t tell my story through a vignette of my lifetime, I would be writing this essay â€Å"wrong†. â€Å"Si Dios quiere,† my grandma always says. It means if God willing and is a motto that has been etched into my mind. Whatever obstacles He puts in my path holds its own purpose. Everything happens to help me progress. Every day is a chance to be better than yesterday and learn something new. Whether it be from a mistake or in the classroom at the college of my dreams. Here, I’ll learn how to build my own corporation from business professors. This in turn will not only allow me to fulfil my philanthropic goals, but to give back to my parents. I have put them through havoc, but they have always remained there for me. They are my foundation and my motivation to succeed. There’s simply not one given time that I could share in great detail with you. I’m a photo album filled with snapshots of my life that make me who I am. As the next months bring an abundance of change and new experiences, I’m going to continue to live life audaciously. Knowing that whatever happens along the way, for better or for worse, is all part of God’s plan for me. And when I don’t know which way to turn or what to do, a prayer and some song lyrics will get me back on track.

State Vs. Shoemaker Essay Example For Students

State Vs. Shoemaker Essay State of Kansas, Appelle, vs. Joe Shoemaker, Appellant The 1980 Kansas State Supreme Court case of State of Kansas, Appelle, v. Joe Shoemake, Appellant, the defendant, Joe Shoemake, was charged with three counts of aggravated robbery of three persons and two counts of felony theft involving two automobiles. In New York State that would be considered as follows:160.10, Robbery in the second degree, would be classified as; A person is guilty of robbery in the second degree when he forcibly steals property and when: 1. He is aided by another person actually present; or 2. In the course of the commission of the crime or of immediate flight therefrom, he or another participant in the crime: (a) Causes physical injury to any person who is not a participant in the crime; or (b) Displays what appears to be a pistol, revolver, rifle, shotgun, machine gun or other firearm; or 3. The property consists of a motor vehicle, as defined in section one hundred twenty-five of the vehicle and traffic law. Robbery in the second degr ee is a class C felony. We will write a custom essay on State Vs. Shoemaker specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now 165.08 Unauthorized use of a vehicle in the first degree. A person is guilty of unauthorized use of a vehicle in the first degree when knowing that he does not have the consent of the owner, he takes, operates, exercises control over, rides in or otherwise uses a vehicle with the intent to use the same in the course of or the commission of a class A, class B, class C or class D felony or in the immediate flight therefrom. A person who engages in any such conduct without the consent of the owner is presumed to know that he does not have such consent. On the night of August 21, 1979, in Kansas City, Missouri, a 1972 Ford Torino, color yellow, was stolen from a residence. Four nights later, August 25, 1979, a second car, a green, 1972 Ford Torino was stolen from a parking lot in Wyandotte County, Missouri. At around 7:00p.m., on the night of August 25, 1979, John Lucas was seen by an employee working at Nigros Supermarket, driving a yellow Ford Torino through the parking lot of the store. Shortly after that, Lucas was seen in the green Torino , sitting in front of the supermarket. Moments later, Lucas proceeded to enter the supermarket, approach the manager, brandish a pistol, and demand money from him. After receiving the money from the manager, Lucas then proceeded to steal money from a second cash register in the store. Lucas then forced the manager into the stores office where he was able to obtain more money. The money was placed in a sack provided by an employee who earlier saw Lucas in the yellow Torino. Lucas then exited the store and fled in the green Torino. The stores employees accurately identified both of the cars, and also gave a description and positively identified Lucas as the robber. Also, two customers present in the store during the robbery identified Lucas as the robber. After the Kansas City Police Department was informed of the robbery, they alerted their officers to be on the lookout for both vehicles. An officer attempted to stop a yellow Ford Torino that matched the description. However, after the officer activated both lights and sirens, the automobile failed to pull over. A pursuit of 10 minutes then ensued, until the yellow Torino collided with parked cars causing it to have a flat tire. When approaching the car, the officer saw the driver, later identified as Shoemake, with one passenger, Lucas. In the car, the police found, the money, coupons, receipts, and checks payable to Nigros Supermarket on both the driver and passenger floor mates. Police also discovered a pistol under the drivers seat, and a slide hammer, tool used to remove ignition lock, in the rear of the automobile. The ignition was still attached to the slide hammer, with the key in it. Police later discovered the green Torino two blocks away from the supermarket with the engi ne still running. Shoemake and Lucas were charged as codefendants on two counts of felony theft involving the Torinos. Also, both men were additionally charged with three counts of aggravated robbery for the three persons at the supermarket. On November 6, 1979, a jury found defendant Shoemake guilty on all five counts that faced him. Shoemake later appealed. .u8de90e5cc6dbaaedb66792ace8812fb8 , .u8de90e5cc6dbaaedb66792ace8812fb8 .postImageUrl , .u8de90e5cc6dbaaedb66792ace8812fb8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8de90e5cc6dbaaedb66792ace8812fb8 , .u8de90e5cc6dbaaedb66792ace8812fb8:hover , .u8de90e5cc6dbaaedb66792ace8812fb8:visited , .u8de90e5cc6dbaaedb66792ace8812fb8:active { border:0!important; } .u8de90e5cc6dbaaedb66792ace8812fb8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8de90e5cc6dbaaedb66792ace8812fb8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8de90e5cc6dbaaedb66792ace8812fb8:active , .u8de90e5cc6dbaaedb66792ace8812fb8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8de90e5cc6dbaaedb66792ace8812fb8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8de90e5cc6dbaaedb66792ace8812fb8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8de90e5cc6dbaaedb66792ace8812fb8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8de90e5cc6dbaaedb66792ace8812fb8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8de90e5cc6dbaaedb66792ace8812fb8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8de90e5cc6dbaaedb66792ace8812fb8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8de90e5cc6dbaaedb66792ace8812fb8 .u8de90e5cc6dbaaedb66792ace8812fb8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8de90e5cc6dbaaedb66792ace8812fb8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Cultural Conservation Essay The defendant. Shoemake, felt that the trial court erred in admitting into evidence photographs of the money and other property that were recovered in the yellow Torino. The defendant maintains that the admission of the photographs was insufficient because it failed to comply with the K.S.A. 1979 Supp. 60-472 which provides for the admissibility of photographs or property taken in a criminal prosecution for theft where the property is returned to the owner.

Technology Addiction Presentation Essays

Technology Addiction Presentation Essays Technology Addiction Presentation Essay Technology Addiction Presentation Essay It is to the point where this pungency is so strong that without having our cell phones on us at all times, we feel anxious and disconnected. Students have actually admitted to feeling depressed, anxious and craving their devices. In a study interviewing individuals between 17-23, 1 in 5 said that they experienced feelings Of withdrawal. Technology addiction is being compared to drug addiction since there are many similar symptoms for both addictions. We, the Backbone generation, are actually suffering from information withdrawal syndrome. The same way alcoholics experience withdrawal when they stop drinking. I also read on The Telegraph, that some children as young as four year old require psychological treatment because of their addiction to smartness and pads. According to helped. Org, Internet and computer addiction can cause individuals to Isolate themselves from friends and family. Spending so much time online can cause your social life to suffer and can cause you to neglect the real people in your life. Global post explains that internet addiction has proven to weaken verbal and written skills. Technology addiction distorts human social interactions for anyone who cant put their phone down while engaging in a conversation. If you try to have a conversation with someone who has a smartened in hand, chances are the eye contact will be zero and the listening abilities will be nonexistent. In particular, Face-to-face verbal skills in teens is also affected by technology overuse. Since teens are socializing more online, they are getting less practice speaking to people face-to-face. Not only does this have a negative affect on ones interactions skills in a social setting it is also a potential long- term effect that can impact these teens when they are applying and getting interviewed for universities and future jobs. Other long-term effects of technology addiction include psychological problems such as insomnia, irritability and depression. As well, watching too much TV has been associated with an increase in diabetes and obesity. FOR MY GAME: According to Psychologically, video games can activate the brains pleasure circuits and can cause rapid release of dopamine just as cigarettes do. This is definitely an explanation for why technology is so addictive. Also, we can develop a dopamine release for many types of addictive behaviors like checking your email. Even if you dont actually spend extended periods of mime on your email, you probably think about checking it pretty often. Another reason technology has become an addiction is because we did not have portable computers in the past, and not only portable computers but ones that fit in your pocket and could be carried around wherever you go like we have today. We are now given more opportunities to interact with information at all hours of the day. The temptation that comes with having all that information at hand, just sitting in your pocket often gets in the way. I am sure many of you have sat at a restaurant on your phone completely owned out of whats happening around you.

Religious Fundamentalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Religious Fundamentalism - Essay Example At the beginning of the 1920s (the first stage), Christian fundamentalism appeared as a reaction against the culture of modernity (Robert 1998). Thus, for its adherents, Fundamentalism's biblical literalism provides grounds for denying the validity of unfriendly scientific evidence found in geological data and the claims of the theory of evolution. The Fundamentalist movement obtained its name from a series of ten paperback volumes entitled The Fundamentals; A Testimony to the Truth published between 1910 and 1915 and privately financed by two businessmen brothers (Robert 1998). Scholars have since regarded the necessary existence of these volumes as a patently transparent rearguard attempt by conservative Christians to reassert truths and doctrines that they believed to be seriously endangered. In this narrow sense, fundamentalism is a phenomenon barely a century old and associated with distinctly evangelical Protestant Christianity (Dollar, 1973). In 1919, fundamentalists organized a conference and formed the Moody Bible Institute. The nest stage took place between 1920s-1940s. During this period of time, the Fundamentalist reading of the Bible supports patriarchal and traditional norms of sexual behavior and marriage patterns vis--vis modern social and legal permissiveness (Dollar, 1973). William Bryan was one of the most popular leaders of this movement in America. Fundamentalism's vesting of ultimate, absolute, and triumphal authority in written scripture and its strictures underwrites firm boundaries between the "saved" and the "unsaved" and, thereby, weakens socio-cultural flexibility and the type of empathy in human affairs that is deemed to be dysfunctional in modern, complex, diverse, industrialized societies. "The Christian Right that emerged with the formation of Jerry Falwell's Moral Majority in 1979 was a response to the cultural transformations of the 1960s and 1970s" (Munson, 2002, p. 31). During 1940s-1970s, Christian fundamentalists fought aga inst the Supreme Court divisions and racial questions. For instance, they fought against Brown v Board of Education (racial segregation in schools), Epperson v Arkansas (anti-evolution laws), Roe v Wade (abortion rights), etc. Christian fundamentalists identified themselves with right wing of the Republican Parties and aggressively opposed all other parties and their bills. The new stage began with Ronald Reagan presidency and was closely connected with religious and social 'crisis' in America (1980s-2000). The leaders of this movement were G. Falwell, T. Haye, H. Lindsey, P. Robertson. In contrast to previous stages, they politicized this movement criticizing the government and political system (Dollar, 1973). "Islamic fundamentalism generally attracts the young, the dispossessed, and the unemployed, who suffer the effects of marginalization and extreme poverty" (Marin-Guzman;, 2003, p. 63). The history of Islamic fundamentalism goes back to the middle of 18th century. Muhammad ibn abd al-Wahhab was the first reformer and founder of Wahhabism (1744). During the 19th century, Wahhabism became a political and social movement (Marin-Guzman, 2003). During the 19th century, this movement was directed against British rule and colonization in Africa and the Middle East. As a strong political force, Islamic fundamentalism reappeared in the 20th century and was closely connected with political changes and westernization of Asian societies. The new wave of Islamic

Sale of Property (Case Law) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Sale of Property (Case Law) - Essay Example To begin with, it is imperative to understand the different types of property that can be sold. Basically there are two types of property: real and personal property. Real property in this case refers to the land and anything that is growing, erected or affixed to it, including the crops and buildings. The term is also used to refer to any rights attached to the ownership of the land. Therefore, the terms real property and real estate both refer to land. Land also includes everything found above and beneath it such as oil, minerals and gases (Laitos 1998, p. 4-13). Personal property (movable property), on the other hand, is anything other than land which can be subject of ownership such as money, inventory, copyrights and patents, as well as intangible property. The difference between personal and real property can be recognized very easily. Nevertheless, its character can be altered. In this case, a property that was initially personal in nature may become a real property by being a nnexed to it. For instance, this may happen when a rail is converted into a fence on land. However, in certain cases the agreement or intention of the parties determines whether a property annexed retains its character as personal property. ... In this regard, possession refers to the interest in a given property under which an individual to the exclusion of others is able to exercise some degree of power over something. Basically, it is the property right that entitles the possessor to continue peaceful possession against any other person except someone with a superior right (Stoebuck, Whitman and Cunningham 2000, p.14-22). This also gives the possessor the right to recover personal property, that has been acquired wrongfully and to recover damages against offenders. As such, it means that in case Mr. Blog only possesses the said properties without ownership, then he has no right of passing the title to the purchaser. In this case, if he happens to transfer the property to the buyer and latter own its owner comes along and claim for it, then the buyer would have to surrender the property since it is voidable. Therefore, it is important that the buyer consider the true ownership of the property before committing to buying t he property. Based on the common law principle, an individual cannot pass a better title than he or she has (Mattei 2000, p.13-29). This implies that a buyer cannot acquire a better title than that of the seller. For instance, since a thief does not have a title to the stolen goods, it follows that a person who purchases goods that are stolen acquire no title. This implies that the purchaser would also have to determine if Mr. blog is the bona fide owner of the properties he is selling. This is to unearth whether the properties that Mr. Blog is to sell are stolen, grabbed or are for someone else. The reason being, if the properties that Mr. Blog wants to sell happens to have been acquired illegally, then any transfer to the purchaser

Biology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Biology - Essay Example Darwin observed that, in the preservation of favored individual and races, there is constantly recurrent struggle for existence. Consequently, more individuals are born than there is the warranty for survival. This determines the individuals going to die and those going to survive. This also determines the species to increase in number and species that would decrease in number and eventually become extinct. Also in face of competition, those individual species that are strong or have an advantage are more likely to have the subsequent offspring’s. Darwin theory of natural selection can be said to be confusing. The arguments based on this theory are actually confusing and sometimes misleading. Firstly, there is confusion on whether living forms have, or have no evolutionary origin. Secondly, Darwin suggestion that natural selection is the main factor of evolution may not be true. These two themes as found in Darwin book are confusing and above all misleading when discussed toge ther. Before Darwin work, most people believed in theory of creation. Darwin work on science changed this and is incompatible with creation theory. This led to most people to view scientist as atheist (Mille and Loon 130-142). Exam 3 (Q #2) Aristotle indeed is one of the ancient scientists. Aristotle work demonstrated scientific ideas, which proved worth at the time. However, not a modern biologist Aristotle fits in the description of a great biologist. This is obvious as he tries to explain various biological phenomenon using scientific ideas of the time. Aristotle work had many biological facts and he followed methods before jumping into conclusion. Aristotle stressed on importance of methods in scientific knowledge. Aristotle effort can be deduced from grouping of both plant and animal kingdom. Von Linne work still had the basis of Aristotle work. Therefore, Von Linne was also a true scientist based on description of living things. Species and genera are an important concept and a basis of biology. Linne ensured there was proper identification of plant and animal based in classification of both into genera and species. Binomial nomenclature used until today was Von Linne effort and therefore deserves full credit in science. Taxonomy is an important branch in biology and simplification of taxonomy by Von Linne was important to classification and identification of plant and animals. Lamarck contribution to evolution was also great. His work revolved around the theory of inheritance. LaMark idea on continuity of species was crucial to biological development. Species diversity was also part of Lamarck ideas as to development of species. Lamarck work though with discrepancies was a benefit to the naturalist on one important problem in the whole range of biological thought. These people would still be scientist today, the only limitations they had was lack of material and equipment that exist today. Exam 3 (Q #3) The sole purpose of science is to explain and desc ribe all what surrounds us. The aim of science is to unearth the mystery of the world and tries to give meaning to worldly things and occurrences. Science does not believe in ambiguity and claims there is a reason for something existence. Science does not believe in ignorance of nature and the natural world. Science give meaning to trend of the world and foretell what is likely to happen or take place in future. Science is also a source of hope to the world and helps in

Analysis of New Dawn Drilling Company

Analysis of New Dawn Drilling Company New Dawn Drilling (NDD) is a company focused on identifying, acquiring and exploring gold and platinum deposits. It is also a major player in underground drilling operations on South African land. The company currently has its operation spread over 6 towns in South Africa. This report is produced by carrying out investigative business analysis on NDD and its external environment to determine company position and ability to survive in the competitive mining sector of SA. The analysis will help in developing a long term strategic plan to improve the business of the NDD Company. The good reputation that NDD has developed in the market is used to develop a business strategy to make it a brand for drilling operations and developing a niche market for its drilling operations. The role of an information system in a business and how it can be used to coordinate the paper work, development process and efficient working of the regional offices is evaluated. Use case, activity and class diagrams are techniques used for modeling the information system. The assumptions made can be used to interpret the system in a number of different ways. 1.1 Introduction to Strategic Analysis tools NDD can use several TPI can use several analysis techniques to discover the potency of its business model, while examining the attributes of the business environment in which it operates. The techniques discussed below include SWOT, PESTEL and Porters Five Forces. SWOT (Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) analysis SWOT analysis is a business tool used to evaluate the companys position in the market and its ability to survive. It helps to predict the capability of the organization. The strengths and weaknesses deal with the internal facts and factors of the business. The opportunities and threats deal with the external factors of the organization. Exploiting the right opportunity and safeguarding against the analyzed threats can set a company apart from their competition. PEST analysis (Political, Economic, Socio-Cultural, and Technological) The PESTEL analyses are used to scan the external environment. The Pestle analysis factors are out of the businesses control as they are always subject to change. Still, they have a significant affect they have on companys performance. They help the businesses to take a pro-active approach and be ahead of these changes instead of hastily changing the products and processes. (Robert Mark Brown) Porters Five forces Porters 5 Forces can be best described by the following figure: Fig: Schematic diagram of Porters 5 forces. (Robert Mark Brown) They are used determine the, expected level of competitive intensity (Grà ¼nig and Kà ¼hn, 2008, chap 11.1). They analysis help to detect which are the dominant forces which can control the business. Using Porters five forces concurrently with SWOT analysis will add more depth to the analysis (Mind tools, 2010) 1.2 PESTle Analysis: PESTLE Analysis factors How does it affect NDD Potential Impact: Importance Political: 1.There is an increasing black unionism which has caused a significant change in South African politics leading to reforms in legislation. 2. The Government has employed policy reforms which allow foreign direct investment in Africa resulting in transfer of new technologies for exploration and drilling services, skills and production methods for efficient use of the mineral resource. 3. The government has introduced ABET (Adult basic education and Training) to improve the skills and literacy of the people. 4.The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations (1999) is been continuously updated by implementing more stringent rules making it more difficult for companies to adhere to them. (Rapidbi,2010) Employees of NDD are benefitted. NDD can contact foreign companies for partnerships. More skilled labour to hire from. Additional costs might have to be incurred Medium Medium Low High Important Critical Unknown Critical Economic 1. South Africa is in a recession leading to low long term interest rates. The economic crisis had led to reduced tariff, taxes and fiscal deficit. 2. The production of many big mining companies was halted due to accidents on site owing to reduced activity on the mining front. The gold and other prices also dropped owing to reduced growth. 3.Global recession has weakened the rand has led to South Africa becoming a competitive place to perform drilling operations for mining industry.(Robert Mark Brown) 4.The mining employers are investing and spending less as the banks have reduced the lending tightened their budgets because banks are controlling lending more strictly. 5. Presently, the drilling, exploration and any mining company for that matter has been faced to spend the 5 to 10% of their payroll in the skill and development programmes required for their perspective operations.(Rapidbi.,2010) Capital crunch Less Business to do. Increased rivalry Cant borrow Money for expansion. Reduced profits High High High Medium Medium Important Unknown Critical Important Important Socio-cultural 1.South African mining sector has lower levels of skilled employees than other sectors in the economy. But still they have strong mining culture which helps them produce new ideas. 2. South Africa has a large presence of HIV/Aids epidemic and is high amongst young SA population. The mining sector is the deeply hit industry as the labor required by them is mostly young as the work required is physically taxing and dangerous. 3.NDD has to keep in mind that when they expand their business locally or internationally they have to consider the local preferred way of living and doing things. 4.South Africa has growing ethnic, cultural and gender diversity leading to new opportunities as well as challenges.(Rapidbi,2010) Labour with Strong mining background. Deal with discrimination which is bound to happen. Carrying out extensive research of demographic where they enter. Management Challenges Medium High High Medium Important Critical Important Critical Technological 1. Alternative cheaper and inexpensive sample retrieval techniques other than diamond drilling can be used ex.RVC Drilling 2. The implementation of information systems to the mining companies has helped them to mine site production reporting and accounting. It also helps them to calculate their raw material requirements and helps in creating wok purchase orders. 3. South Africa has a huge science base invested in improving Mining operations. They are continuously pushing the boundaries to automate most of the processes involved. It would help the companies to reduce labor cost. 4. The lack of investment in Research and innovation in the Mining sector has generally contributed to lower levels of operational productivity compared to its strong global competitors like China and Australia.(Robert Mark Brown) Considerably reduce operation costs. Help manage Paper work efficiently. This can help reduce the labour costs Due to this NDD cannot compete with the inter-national local big players High High High Medium Critical Important Unknown Unknown 1.3 Porters Five Forces: Threat of New Entry It is unlikely that there is a threat of new entry as the capital required to set up a business similar to NDD is quite high. This can only be afforded by companies with huge balance sheets and strong set of contacts. The industry is highly regulated which makes it difficult to enter. Few, but not all, exploration and drilling companies have established co-operation with mining companies to remain in business and these contracts are not easily awarded Competitive Rivalry: There are 25 local competitors of which few have thrice the turnover of NDD. This shows that NDD is a small/medium player in a saturated market. As the South African rand has weakened the mining operation have been slowed down resulting in increased competition to land the existing few projects. and will not be able to benefit from the economies of scale of the larger mining sector. Some local rivals have partnerships and acquisitions with the larger mining groups based locally or internationally. The companies cannot win the contracts by keeping their prices low as the cost of materials is going to increase due to recession. Bargaining power of Buyer: The negotiation strength of the customers is high because, for example, a gold mining company will try to merge with its larger counterpart involved in gold, diamond, platinum, etc and this may offer us to have a larger share of the market. Though switching from one buyer to another is difficult NDD can be able to exercise its market power. Threat of Substitution The threat of substitution is a harsh reality NDD has to face. But the organizations out there which might perform operations similar to that of NDD are substantial but limited. There are no new companies entering so the threat of substitution tends to be low. Bargaining power of Supplier: The bargaining power of the supplier will be high. Drilling operations are going to remain consistent and they are going to need materials from suppliers. Due to the current economic conditions it has lead to prices rise and inflation which have made prices of the commodities required a bit unaffordable (oils, grease).This has threatened the supply-chain relationship. 1.4 SWOT Analysis (Intelligence Phase) Strengths 1. NDD is a company targeting copper, gold and platinum metal ores in Orkney, Randoftein, etc which the rich mineral belts of South Africa are. 2. It has a consistent underground drilling business which will continue to be as the companies are obliged to carry out core sampling for safety reasons. (New Dawn Drilling, 2010) 3. Their management team is good competent, experienced and have set of technical expertise. (New Dawn Drilling, 2010) 4. Surface exploration lends itself well to a high degree of automation which can help reduce labor cost and improve production rates. 5. South Africa is a low risk sovereign country.NDD has focused its exploration and drilling operations only in South Africa which is justified by the past economic global events. 6. Amalgamation of the orders at the central offices enables the company to buy at cheaper rates from suppliers. (New Dawn Drilling, 2010) Weaknesses 1 The exploration business is extremely sensitive so it requires a strategic business plan to survive and flourish.NDD does not have any sort of plan if they were going to lose a significant amount of business. 2. In the current situation, NDD cannot track whether excessive replacements of parts are taking place at certain project sites. 3. NDD has poor communication channels. The absence of centralized management system restricts the main office from accessing information in real time. They have to wait for the regional sites to compile the information and mail it to them. 4. NDD is dependent entirely on its underground drilling operations for profit as surface drilling business is merely making a profit. 5. NDD has not yet ventured into the mining sectors internationally. (Helix Resources Limited, 2010) Opportunities 1. South Africa has been long involved in mining and it has a promising geological setting for other minerals. They can start applying for projects which include exploring and drilling for minerals like nickel, Rare earth elements (Rees), etc. 2. To enter into international markets preferably starting from the African neighbors. 3. The current shortage of high quality deposits has caused a huge market interest in new exploration activities. This can be a great opportunity to rope in a few extra projects from companies. 4. Opportunity to merge with other companies in the mining industry, to benefit from shared knowledge, economies of scale and offer more services like competitors. 5. NDDs major chances of success lie in proving a reserve. This can be achieved by implementing latest or alternate drilling and exploration techniques. 7. NDD can use farm-in-opportunities in regions which they think have potential for copper, gold or any other mineral. 8. A new employee shift system can be implanted to ensure drilling operations at non- peak times. (New Dawn Drilling, 2010) Threats 1. Exploration is inherently a risky business as it is very difficult to predict and only handful of exploration operations turn into production. 2. Regulatory risk- If any changes happen to the health and safety rules or environmental laws and regulations, it would result in company bearing additional costs. 3. Challenges from local and foreign companies performing the similar services are high. 4. Over reliance on technology The PCs at the project sites will be linked to the server at Johannesburg for access to the application software and database. So if the system is down it can bring the working of the business to halt. It is critical that the servers are running for the activity based costing system to function efficiently since the business is based in two geographical locations. (New Dawn Drilling, 2010) 1.5 Conclusion of the strategic analysis techniques The strategic analysis from the SWOT, PEST and Porters five forces indicate that the strengths of the company are outweighed by its weaknesses and threats. The business which the company is operating is very sensitive and strategic analysis of NDD helps us to conclude that the existing business policy will not help it to survive in the long term. The opportunities presented to NDD through the SWOT analysis suggest how the business could target a specific segment in the market, rather than the mass market which is saturated as overseas manufacturers enter the industry in the UK. A major strength of NDD is the reputation and a small but strong foothold in the gold and platinum ore bodies of mining industry. This opportunity can be exploited to the fullest by branding itself and using a the existing projects as a leeway to obtain new projects in the other mineral ore bodies like nickel or even the rare earth metals (REEs).NDD has a good working relationship with its mining employers and it is possible that the company can use this strength to carry out Research Development to implement new and latest drilling and exploration technologies. This might also help in finding and serving a gap in the current drilling services provided by the companies if it exists. (Helix Resources Limited, 2010)(Fin Metal Mining Ltd, 2010) The greatest weakness of NDD is a fact that it is a small player in a competitive South African mining industry dominated by larger organizations and also will not be able to compete on cost with their Asian counterparts.NDD needs to implement a management information system and streamline its operations so that it can track the cost of drilling, keep a record of excessive replacement of costly parts and identify operations where costs are exceeding the income. The Management information system being implemented in the form of an activity based costing system can help to carry out the price fixing exercise with the mining companies. 1.6 Five year Business plan: The draft of the five year business plan for NDD is developed on the basis of the conclusion of the strategic analysis of NDD using PESTEL, Porters Five Forces and SWOT. In the current situation NDD does not have any Strategic plan and their business is hugely sensitive depending upon the local and global market events. If NDD were to lose their current share of business they would have no way forward. Therefore, NDD needs to weigh its options locally as well as internationally as there are other countries too those are involved in mining. Branding, though quite rarely used in mining industry it is becoming an upcoming trend for companies to differentiate themselves from their rivals. They can concentrate on a particular market; make changes to their employee work pattern and their business plan for the future 1.6.1 SWOT-Design Phase: Weaknesses 1. They dont have a system in place to estimate correct contract rates. Even if slight changes occur in the contract rates they seriously impact the income stream. 2. NDD is relatively a small/medium player with a turnover of up to 20 million dollars. NDD cannot have the same level of resources that are available to their big competitors Strengths They can keep focusing on gold as it is a flourishing business. 2. The company has a healthy pipeline of projects in hand with in minerals ranging from gold, copper and platinum spread over six geographically different areas. 3. The annual price fixing of the contract enables the company to assess its variable costs in relation to the existing economic conditions. Opportunities NDD can brand itself for operations they are currently performing. They can implement Management information system to track materials and calculate contract pricing. They can enter the stock market making the private business public. . A new employee shift system can be implanted to ensure drilling operations at non- peak times. Threats 1. Economic Factors: interest rates, political decisions, inflation al affect the mining industry very badly. 2. Lack of Skilled workers Although the number of people entering the mining sector is high in SA, many lack the specialist skills required to carry out specific operations. 1.6.2 Using Branding as Business Strategy: NDD already has a reputed name as it is involved in projects spread over six geographically different towns in SA. This means that company can use some form of marketing strategies to establish itself as a brand in the services and operations they are performing. For branding NDD needs to consider two basic strategies. The first is to be different from the others and stress on the distinctive feature that NDD offers when it is employed by the organization. Every employer is willing to consider something different which is profitable for them. This can be a different work roster or an innovative system to perform operations required. The second will be to put through the NDDs vision, values and culture. While doing this if we stumble upon that a certain aspect of the company is not worth publicizing then we can always focus on the strengths we have derived from the SWOT analysis. This is a long term solution which will make the Company competitive as it will take some time for mining employers to develop confidence in them. Also, an important advantage is the fact that the amount of resources required for branding an organization go on decreasing with time as more and more Companies start noticing. (Helix Resources Limited,2010)( Fin Metal Min ing Ltd,2010) 1.6.3 Targeting a Niche Sector in Mining Sector; NDD is currently working on 9 shafts related to gold. This can use as an advantage by NDD by targeting all the gold shaft related projects. Most of the companies are focused on platinum markets which can help NDD reduce some of the perceived threats to its business by targeting the gold market. The mining sector is becoming increasingly competitive and there any many big multi-nationals out there ready to put small/medium industries out of business.NDD can use the contacts from the existing gold mining employers to farther there ambition. They can even enter into partnerships with their current employers and sign future gold shaft contracts and ensuring a stability of income to their business. Due to NDDs previous and present track record the companies might consider entering into partnership. Even though there have been global recession, the gold production and mining hasnt been affected badly. They can also venture into international markets for gold related projects. They can star t with applying for contracts in Zimbabwe and Tanzania which are also rich for gold deposits and less competitive than South Africa.NDD compared to other companies in these countries can be termed as Medium/Big player which help give them an advantage. The labor and operating costs will also be low compared to SA. Thus targeting gold related operations can prove to be a huge safety net in these uncertain times. Though it cant be neglected that the Pestle analysis are going to dictate the income and pricing for the contracts. (Fin Metal Mining Ltd. 2010) (Otjihase and Matchless Mines). 1.6.4 Operating Strategic plan For NDD: NDD can focus their existing strategy on the finding out near surface targets for gold (niche) or the other two minerals they are operating. This will allow them to perform underground drilling operations on surfaces which are suitable for open cut mining operations. This focus on areas which have a rich history for previous success, for example, targeting projects in areas of Kimberley Reef group will keep the income cash flow constant in these current economic conditions. (Otjihase and Matchless Mines). NDD can also enter into drilling projects for minerals other than gold, platinum, copper .NDD can try uranium, nickel or the Rare earth elements (Rees).For uranium they can focus on exploring areas like Gauteng in Witwatersrand basin which are rich in content ensuring underground drilling operations to be performed on them for the mining employers to start their mining production. Similarly for Nickel which is even easier as Phalborawa where they are currently operating are rich in Nickel deposits. They can acquire projects related to them as they are already well-known in that area. They can NDD can prioritize their accepting of surface exploration projects in the following sequence: In areas requiring near surface exploration with mineralization targets not more than 70 m below which are extremely high potential for Mining operations. Targeting areas which have a mining history Areas which have not been mined previously but seem to have potential for underground mining They can also undertake projects from companies which require refurbishment for their shafts. The refurbishment for the shafts will include an underground drill program to take rock sample from the shafts and perform tests on them. This will allow the mining companies to help estimate the amount of mineralization left in the foots or hanging walls of these shafts. These contracts will not require any new technologies and investment from NDD as it is already doing it for its current employers in some way. This can be a way to expand their business. (Exploration Strategy, 2010) (Otjihase and Matchless Mines). 1.6.5 Alternative operating technique: NDD can also try out a different operating strategy for underground Drilling. At present, Diamond drilling is used for retrieving core samples which is expensive and time consuming. Instead of this, NDD can implement RVC drilling which give small rock samples instead of a solid core which are easier to look under microscope. Figure: Rvc Drilliing (Delta Mine training center, 2010) RVC drilling requires a bit larger equipment but it has high rate of penetration and low cost per foot. This makes it faster and inexpensive than diamond drilling. This can help NDD reduce its operational costs. (Trevor Fletcher) (Otjihase and Matchless Mines). 1.6.6 Going Public: The other strategy NDD can adopt is making the private company go public. This will help it enter the South African stock exchange where people can buy NDDs Shares. This will also automatically serve as a purpose of branding as it will help the company get noticed. This will also help them to get international recognizition.They can enter into partnerships with the foreign companies which are looking to invest in Africa due to new FDI Policy implemented by South African government. This can serve as an opportunity for NDD to get projects locally as well as internationally. 1.6.7 Employee shift system: At present the company operations on site are carried out 7 days a week and 3 x 8 hour shift basis. This can be replaced by be 2 x 10 hour shift on a continuous basis. Often the drill started on one shift ends on anothers shift. This can sometimes cause delays. New shifts will minimize these chances and also save time. The overtime will be calculated above the set 10 hours reducing the costs incurred by the company. This will also help in decreasing the non-productive hours. (Shift Schedules, 2010) (Otjihase and Matchless Mines) 1.6.7 Role of the director managing the future: NDD cannot change its operating strategies overnight. It will require a step-by-step process form the management personality (1 director) which is experienced and has a proven field experience. He will also play a major role in evaluating pricing for tenders, contracts and acquiring the projects. The employees are going to face a lot of social difficulties while trying to operate with new information systems at offices and also new operating techniques on site. Therefore, the management has to solve the problems on site or the glitches in the information systems by appointing people for that purposes. Later, when the plans work he has to dedicate funds for their maintenance and continuous improvements. He will have to combine the top officials from NDDs regional offices and work together for better future of the company. 1.6.8 Legal Factors to be considered: The stringent health and safety rules mean that NDD will face legal challenges to make sure the company and staff have been vetted by the government and have obtained a level of safety clearance deemed fit to carry out its drilling operations.. The company must follow The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations (1999)which stated that the work equipment should comply with the strict and complex safety control procedures necessary for mine related operations. They must also have evacuation methods in place in case a catastrophe occurs. The business of the NDD is susceptible to a number of risks and hazards which involve labor disputes, on-site accidents, unforeseen geological and environmental conditions, cave-ins or even earthquakes for that matter. This can cause damage to the company equipments, properties or even death of the employees which can get the company into a legal mess. Therefore, NDD must have an insurance policy to cover itself if these calamities were to o ccur.. Companies providing insurances for mining industry generally at high premium costs. Losses from these events might be difficult to recover from for NDD so they need to have them even though it is not on their terms. Chapter 2 2 a) Use case Diagram: 2 b) Class Diagram: Class Diagrams: Activity Diagram: 2 c) Activity Diagram: 2 d) Architecture of the Information System: The Johannesburg office has a server and 2 computers which are connected using a switch. This switch is used to create 2 subnets of which one contains the server while the other contains 2 pcs. This will assist in management and maintenance of the information systems and also help in future expansion. The switch is connected to the router which is in turn connected to the internet through a firewall. This firewall will protect the internal network and also handle the VPN connections from the regional offices.The regional offices will use local internet providers to connect to the internet. This will be much cheaper and flexible than having private dedicated lines from the regional offices to the main office. Network connections: An Ethernet cable is used to connection between the PCs and the router and the router and the server is carried out using an Ethernet cable. All pc at the regional offices will have internet connection so that they are connected to the server in Johannesburg. As a security measure firewall will be placed between the internet connection and the server. Barcode readers will be made mobile by connecting them to the pc using a wireless connection.. Virtual private networks (VPN) will be used over the network connection for the pcs to communicate with the server in Johannesburg (Beynon-Davies) Software required Windows NT is used as the operating system and server software. The software will have applications such as purchasing, word processing, activity based costing system, and stock control .The pcs at regional offices will have installed the windows operating system and must log in to the server to use the applications. Pcs will be equipped with software linked to the server for barcode reading procedures. (Beynon-Davies) Security A firewall is in place to stop any unauthorized access. There is log in system available on each pc to restrict it to only employees of the company.VPNs are used by the regional offices to connect to the Johannesburg server over any other unsecured network connection. (Beynon-Davies) Chapter 3 Conclusion The report gives a wide perspective by carrying out analysis of NDD and how developing and implementing a strategic business plan can help the NDDs business to survive and grow in a competitive environment. It is extremely vital to understand that decisions made using the strategic analysis techniques are based on assumptions for, e.g. will the investment be made by the company venture into international markets, or will they invest in the equipments necessary for exploring minerals ore bodies other than gold, copper and platinum, train its employees for this purpose and also finding and providing drilling services which are yet not out there in the maket.NDD must also be willing to spend to buy new automated drilling machines if they are available or invest in automating their existing machines NDD must understand that the analysis techniques have their limitations and realize that committing itself to sudden change by undertaking projects for different minerals or REEs might be risky, although the risk can be well afforded as it is likely that if the business continues to function as it is of now it would be pushed out of the mining sector by local and overseas competitors entering the South African mining industry. Moving into exploring and drilling for other mineral ores such as nickel,REEs,etc or expanding into foreign markets can have their share of threats as it is likely that there are specific companies who will have built a great deal of experience in the field and have long term strategic contracts with their customers. New players like NDD, may be ignored by customers in the international or local untried mineral markets because they may be perceived to not have the necessary skills to serve the industry

F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby :: essays research papers

In the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, Nick Carroway proceeds through two stages of development as the novel unfolds. Beginning with tolerance of the other characters' actions; ending with full moral responsibility dealing with their conflicts, Nick Carroway found that immoral decisions lead to harmful situations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the beginning, Nick Carroway was very tolerant of the numerous affairs happening within his circle of friends and acquaintances. Shortly after Nick was first introduced to Daisy's husband Tom, he learned of an affair happening between he and another woman from New York. Nick seemed surprised to hear this, yet he kept quiet about it. Nick was also introduced later to the woman Tom had been having an affair with, Myrtle Wilson, the gas station attendant's wife. Nick did not speak to Tom of his infidelity he instead remained tolerant of it. And later when Tom and Nick met her in town, he still kept his thoughts to himself, rather than becoming involved in the conflict. Also, with Daisy and Gatsby's relationship Nick remained tolerant of the scandal. For example, when he set up the reunion of Daisy and Gatsby within his own home. He was aware of the sin, but he did not actually come forward with his opinion on the matter. Daisy would often go to Gatsby's house in t he afternoons, and still Nick would remain tolerant of the immoral acts performed by his cousin.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Towards the end of the novel as things became more involved Nick realized the error of his ways, and became a more moral character. He did not involve himself in either of the affairs any longer. In one enlightening evening, when Gatsby proclaimed Daisy's love for him, and Tom admitted to his own disloyalty, Nick made a decision to be moralistic. When Tom, Nick, and Jordan had arrived back at Tom and Daisy's home, Nick parted ways. When he drove away from the house, he spotted Gatsby. Who had decided to watch over things, and make sure Daisy would be alright that evening. Instead of trying to help Gatsby in any way, Nick drove home, and stayed out of his business. Making the decision that pursuing any further with the conflict was a bad idea.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Through all the friction Nick Carroway learned that playing a part in others' personal matters led to even more conflict than the beginning matter. Throughout all the deceit and unfaithfulness, friendships were broken and lives were taken. F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby :: essays research papers In the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, Nick Carroway proceeds through two stages of development as the novel unfolds. Beginning with tolerance of the other characters' actions; ending with full moral responsibility dealing with their conflicts, Nick Carroway found that immoral decisions lead to harmful situations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the beginning, Nick Carroway was very tolerant of the numerous affairs happening within his circle of friends and acquaintances. Shortly after Nick was first introduced to Daisy's husband Tom, he learned of an affair happening between he and another woman from New York. Nick seemed surprised to hear this, yet he kept quiet about it. Nick was also introduced later to the woman Tom had been having an affair with, Myrtle Wilson, the gas station attendant's wife. Nick did not speak to Tom of his infidelity he instead remained tolerant of it. And later when Tom and Nick met her in town, he still kept his thoughts to himself, rather than becoming involved in the conflict. Also, with Daisy and Gatsby's relationship Nick remained tolerant of the scandal. For example, when he set up the reunion of Daisy and Gatsby within his own home. He was aware of the sin, but he did not actually come forward with his opinion on the matter. Daisy would often go to Gatsby's house in t he afternoons, and still Nick would remain tolerant of the immoral acts performed by his cousin.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Towards the end of the novel as things became more involved Nick realized the error of his ways, and became a more moral character. He did not involve himself in either of the affairs any longer. In one enlightening evening, when Gatsby proclaimed Daisy's love for him, and Tom admitted to his own disloyalty, Nick made a decision to be moralistic. When Tom, Nick, and Jordan had arrived back at Tom and Daisy's home, Nick parted ways. When he drove away from the house, he spotted Gatsby. Who had decided to watch over things, and make sure Daisy would be alright that evening. Instead of trying to help Gatsby in any way, Nick drove home, and stayed out of his business. Making the decision that pursuing any further with the conflict was a bad idea.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Through all the friction Nick Carroway learned that playing a part in others' personal matters led to even more conflict than the beginning matter. Throughout all the deceit and unfaithfulness, friendships were broken and lives were taken.